cops 5 of 8

Dan Farmer df at sei.cmu.edu
Tue Jan 8 17:33:36 AEST 1991 

#!/bin/sh
# This is part 05 of cops
# ============= cops/makefile ==============
if test ! -d 'cops'; then
    echo 'x - creating directory cops'
    mkdir 'cops'
fi
if test -f 'cops/makefile' -a X"$1" != X"-c"; then
	echo 'x - skipping cops/makefile (File already exists)'
else
echo 'x - extracting cops/makefile (Text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'cops/makefile' &&
X#  Simple Makefile for the COPS system; compiles, and chmods 
X# the programs.
X#
X#	make all	    -- makes everything
X#	make install	    -- puts things in their place
X#	make <program_name> -- make a given program
XINSTALL_DIR= sun
X
XEXECUTABLE = home.chk user.chk pass.chk is_writable crc crc_check \
X	     addto clearfiles filewriters members tilde is_able
XC_SRC      = home.chk.c user.chk.c is_able.c pass.c is_something.c \
X	     addto.c clearfiles.c filewriters.c members.c tilde.c \
X	     crc.c crc_check.c
XSHELL_PROGS= chk_strings root.chk dev.chk cron.chk is_able.chk \
X	     cops group.chk rc.chk passwd.chk ftp.chk crc.chk \
X	     misc.chk suid.chk kuang init_kuang reconfig res_diff
XSUPPORT    = is_able.lst stop.sample crc_list
XCFLAGS     = -O
X#  Certain systems need to uncomment this to compile the pass.chk; Xenix,
X# some SysV:
X# BRAINDEADFLAGS = -lcrypt
X
X#
X# Where the programs are....
X#
XCHMOD=/bin/chmod
XTEST=/bin/test
XMKDIR=/bin/mkdir
XCP=/bin/cp
XCC=/bin/cc
XRM=/bin/rm
X
X# make all
Xall:	$(EXECUTABLE)
X	$(CHMOD) 700 $(SHELL_PROGS)
X
X# hammer the binaries and formatted docs
Xclean:
X	$(RM) -f $(EXECUTABLE)
X	cd docs; make clean
X
X# make the documentation
Xman:
X	cd docs; make
X
X# make a dir and shove everything in the proper place
Xinstall:
X	-if $(TEST) ! -d $(INSTALL_DIR) ; then mkdir $(INSTALL_DIR) ; fi
X	$(CP) $(EXECUTABLE) $(SHELL_PROGS) $(SUPPORT) $(INSTALL_DIR)
X
X# make the programs
Xaddto: src/addto.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o addto src/addto.c
X
Xclearfiles: src/clearfiles.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o clearfiles src/clearfiles.c
X
Xfilewriters: src/filewriters.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o filewriters src/filewriters.c
X
Xmembers: src/members.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o members src/members.c
X
Xhome.chk: src/home.chk.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o home.chk src/home.chk.c
X
Xuser.chk: src/user.chk.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o user.chk src/user.chk.c
X
Xis_able: src/is_able.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o is_able src/is_able.c
X
Xis_writable: src/is_something.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DWRITABLE -o is_writable src/is_something.c
X
Xpass.chk: src/pass.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o pass.chk src/pass.c $(BRAINDEADFLAGS)
X
Xtilde: src/tilde.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o tilde src/tilde.c
X
Xcrc: src/crc.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o crc src/crc.c
X
Xcrc_check: src/crc_check.c
X	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o crc_check src/crc_check.c
X
X# the end
SHAR_EOF
chmod 0600 cops/makefile ||
echo 'restore of cops/makefile failed'
Wc_c="`wc -c < 'cops/makefile'`"
test 2250 -eq "$Wc_c" ||
	echo 'cops/makefile: original size 2250, current size' "$Wc_c"
fi
# ============= cops/misc.chk ==============
if test -f 'cops/misc.chk' -a X"$1" != X"-c"; then
	echo 'x - skipping cops/misc.chk (File already exists)'
else
echo 'x - extracting cops/misc.chk (Text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'cops/misc.chk' &&
X:
X#
X#  Usage: misc.chk
X#
X#  This shell script checks a variety of miscellaneous potential
X# security problems that really don't belong anywhere else.
X#
X#  Right now this looks for to see if tftp & rexd are enabled,
X# to check if the uudecode alias is in the mail alias file and
X# not commented out, and if uudecode can create a SUID file.
X#
X#  Mechanism:  tftp.chk will try to get /etc/motd from the localhost.
X# Not much too it; just connect and try to get it.  For rexd, just
X# look in the /etc/inetd.conf file to see if it's enabled (e.g., not
X# commented out).
X#
X#  Warning:  it may take a minute or so to complete the test, since tftp
X# might take a while to get the test file, or it may take a while to time
X# out the connection (which is what usually happens if the test fails.)
X
X#
X#  Location of stuff:
XTFTP=/usr/ucb/tftp
XGREP=/bin/grep
XECHO=/bin/echo
XTEST=/bin/test
XAWK=/bin/awk
XSED=/bin/sed
XRM=/bin/rm
XUUDECODE=/usr/bin/uudecode
X
X# look for uudecode alias in $aliases
Xaliases=/usr/lib/aliases
Xuu=decode
X
X# look for rexd in $inetd; this file could be "/etc/servers", too!
X# If SysV, probably want to change lines 51 & 59....
X# inetd=/etc/servers
Xinetd=/etc/inetd.conf
Xrexd=rexecd
X
X# tmp and target file
XTARGET=/etc/motd
XTMP=./tmp.$$
X
X#  Read from $inetd to see if daemons are running.
X# Comments are lines starting with a "#", so ignore.
X# Checking for rexd:
X#
X# If sysV based (also look at next check, too!):
X# if $TEST -n "`$AWK '{if($1~/^#/)next;else if(\"'$rexd'\"==$3)print}' $inetd`"
Xif $TEST -n "`$AWK '{if ($1 ~ /^#/) next; else if (\"'$rexd'\" == $NF) print}' $inetd`"
X	then
X	$ECHO Warning -- $rexd is enabled in $inetd!
X	fi
X
X# Check to see if anything started inetd.conf is writable; 5th field is program
X# SysV format -- $3?
X# files=`$AWK '{if ($1 ~ /^#/) next; else print $3}' $inetd`
Xfiles=`$AWK '{if ($1 ~ /^#/) next; else print $5}' $inetd`
Xif $TEST -n "$files" ; then
X	for i in $files
X		do
X		./is_able $i w w
X		done
X	fi
X
X# Checking for uudecode alias:
Xres=`$SED -n '/^[^#]*|*"'$uu'"/p' $aliases`
X
Xif $TEST -n "$res"
X	then
X	$ECHO warning -- $uu is enabled in $aliases!
X	fi
X
Xif $TEST -f $TMP ; then
X#	$ECHO "You've got to be kidding.  Tmp file $TMP already exists!"
X	exit 1
X	fi
X
X
X# uucode stuff -- thanks to pete shipley...
X$UUDECODE << EOD_
Xbegin 4755 ./foobar.$$
X 
Xend
XEOD_
X
Xif $TEST -n "`./is_able $UUDECODE s s`" ; then
X    $ECHO Warning!  $UUDECODE is SUID!
Xfi
X
Xif $TEST -n "`./is_able ./foobar.$$ s s`"; then
X    $ECHO Warning!  $UUDECODE creates setuid files!
Xfi
X
X$RM -f ./foobar.$$
X
X#  The rest is all for tftp stuff:
X#
X#   Get the local hostname...
Xif $TEST -s /bin/hostname ; then
X	HOSTNAME=`/bin/hostname`
Xelif $TEST -s /bin/uname ; then
X	HOSTNAME=`/bin/uname -n`
Xelif $TEST -s /usr/bin/uuname ; then
X	HOSTNAME=`/usr/bin/uuname -l`
X	fi
Xif $TEST -z "$HOSTNAME" ; then
X	HOSTNAME="foobar"
X	fi
X
Xif $TEST -z "$HOSTNAME" ; then
X#	$ECHO "Unable to find hostname"
X	exit 1
X	fi
X
X#   Do the dirty work -- check tftp for the localhost, if it was found;
X# this might take a bit, since tftp might have to time out.
X{
X$TFTP << _XXX_
Xconnect $HOSTNAME
Xget $TARGET $TMP
Xquit
X_XXX_
X}  > /dev/null 2> /dev/null
X
Xif $TEST -s $TMP ; then
X	$ECHO "Warning! tftp is enabled on $HOSTNAME!"
X	fi
X
X$RM -f $TMP
X
Xexit 0
X# end of script
SHAR_EOF
chmod 0700 cops/misc.chk ||
echo 'restore of cops/misc.chk failed'
Wc_c="`wc -c < 'cops/misc.chk'`"
test 3240 -eq "$Wc_c" ||
	echo 'cops/misc.chk: original size 3240, current size' "$Wc_c"
fi
# ============= cops/pass.words ==============
if test -f 'cops/pass.words' -a X"$1" != X"-c"; then
	echo 'x - skipping cops/pass.words (File already exists)'
else
echo 'x - extracting cops/pass.words (Text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'cops/pass.words' &&
Xaaa
Xacademia
Xaerobics
Xairplane
Xalbany
Xalbatross
Xalbert
Xalex
Xalexander
Xalgebra
Xaliases
Xalphabet
Xama
Xamorphous
Xanalog
Xanchor
Xandromache
Xanimals
Xanswer
Xanthropogenic
Xanvils
Xanything
Xaria
Xariadne
Xarrow
Xarthur
Xathena
Xatmosphere
Xaztecs
Xazure
Xbacchus
Xbailey
Xbanana
Xbananas
Xbandit
Xbanks
Xbarber
Xbaritone
Xbass
Xbassoon
Xbatman
Xbeater
Xbeauty
Xbeethoven
Xbeloved
Xbenz
Xbeowulf
Xberkeley
Xberliner
Xberyl
Xbeverly
Xbicameral
Xbob
Xbrenda
Xbrian
Xbridget
Xbroadway
Xbumbling
Xburgess
Xcampanile
Xcantor
Xcardinal
Xcarmen
Xcarolina
Xcaroline
Xcascades
Xcastle
Xcat
Xcayuga
Xceltics
Xcerulean
Xchange
Xcharles
Xcharming
Xcharon
Xchester
Xcigar
Xclassic
Xclusters
Xcoffee
Xcoke
Xcollins
Xcommrades
Xcomputer
Xcondo
Xcookie
Xcooper
Xcornelius
Xcouscous
Xcreation
Xcreosote
Xcretin
Xdaemon
Xdancer
Xdaniel
Xdanny
Xdave
Xdecember
Xdefoe
Xdeluge
Xdesperate
Xdevelop
Xdieter
Xdigital
Xdiscovery
Xdisney
Xdog
Xdrought
Xduncan
Xeager
Xeasier
Xedges
Xedinburgh
Xedwin
Xedwina
Xegghead
Xeiderdown
Xeileen
Xeinstein
Xelephant
Xelizabeth
Xellen
Xemerald
Xengine
Xengineer
Xenterprise
Xenzyme
Xersatz
Xestablish
Xestate
Xeuclid
Xevelyn
Xextension
Xfairway
Xfelicia
Xfender
Xfermat
Xfidelity
Xfinite
Xfishers
Xflakes
Xfloat
Xflower
Xflowers
Xfoolproof
Xfootball
Xforesight
Xformat
Xforsythe
Xfourier
Xfred
Xfriend
Xfrighten
Xfun
Xfungible
Xgabriel
Xgardner
Xgarfield
Xgauss
Xgeorge
Xgertrude
Xginger
Xglacier
Xgnu
Xgolfer
Xgorgeous
Xgorges
Xgosling
Xgouge
Xgraham
Xgryphon
Xguest
Xguitar
Xgumption
Xguntis
Xhacker
Xhamlet
Xhandily
Xhappening
Xharmony
Xharold
Xharvey
Xhebrides
Xheinlein
Xhello
Xhelp
Xherbert
Xhiawatha
Xhibernia
Xhoney
Xhorse
Xhorus
Xhutchins
Ximbroglio
Ximperial
Xinclude
Xingres
Xinna
Xinnocuous
Xirishman
Xisis
Xjapan
Xjessica
Xjester
Xjixian
Xjohnny
Xjoseph
Xjoshua
Xjudith
Xjuggle
Xjulia
Xkathleen
Xkermit
Xkernel
Xkirkland
Xknight
Xladle
Xlambda
Xlamination
Xlarkin
Xlarry
Xlazarus
Xlebesgue
Xlee
Xleland
Xleroy
Xlewis
Xlight
Xlisa
Xlouis
Xlynne
Xmacintosh
Xmack
Xmaggot
Xmagic
Xmalcolm
Xmark
Xmarkus
Xmarty
Xmarvin
Xmaster
Xmaurice
Xmellon
Xmerlin
Xmets
Xmichael
Xmichelle
Xmike
Xminimum
Xminsky
Xmoguls
Xmoose
Xmorley
Xmozart
Xnancy
Xnapoleon
Xnepenthe
Xness
Xnetwork
Xnewton
Xnext
Xnoxious
Xnutrition
Xnyquist
Xoceanography
Xocelot
Xolivetti
Xolivia
Xoracle
Xorca
Xorwell
Xosiris
Xoutlaw
Xoxford
Xpacific
Xpainless
Xpakistan
Xpam
Xpapers
Xpassword
Xpatricia
Xpenguin
Xpeoria
Xpercolate
Xpersimmon
Xpersona
Xpete
Xpeter
Xphilip
Xphoenix
Xpierre
Xpizza
Xplover
Xplymouth
Xpolynomial
Xpondering
Xpork
Xposter
Xpraise
Xprecious
Xprelude
Xprince
Xprinceton
Xprotect
Xprotozoa
Xpumpkin
Xpuneet
Xpuppet
Xrabbit
Xrachmaninoff
Xrainbow
Xraindrop
Xraleigh
Xrandom
Xrascal
Xreally
Xrebecca
Xremote
Xrick
Xripple
Xrobotics
Xrochester
Xrolex
Xromano
Xronald
Xrosebud
Xrosemary
Xroses
Xruben
Xrules
Xruth
Xsal
Xsaxon
Xscamper
Xscheme
Xscott
Xscotty
Xsecret
Xsensor
Xserenity
Xsharks
Xsharon
Xsheffield
Xsheldon
Xshiva
Xshivers
Xshuttle
Xsignature
Xsimon
Xsimple
Xsinger
Xsingle
Xsmile
Xsmiles
Xsmooch
Xsmother
Xsnatch
Xsnoopy
Xsoap
Xsocrates
Xsossina
Xsparrows
Xspit
Xspring
Xspringer
Xsquires
Xstrangle
Xstratford
Xstuttgart
Xsubway
Xsuccess
Xsummer
Xsuper
Xsuperstage
Xsupport
Xsupported
Xsurfer
Xsuzanne
Xswearer
Xsymmetry
Xtangerine
Xtape
Xtarget
Xtarragon
Xtaylor
Xtelephone
Xtemptation
Xthailand
Xtiger
Xtoggle
Xtomato
Xtopography
Xtortoise
Xtoyota
Xtrails
Xtrivial
Xtrombone
Xtubas
Xtuttle
Xumesh
Xunhappy
Xunicorn
Xunknown
Xurchin
Xutility
Xvasant
Xvertigo
Xvicky
Xvillage
Xvirginia
Xwarren
Xwater
Xweenie
Xwhatnot
Xwhiting
Xwhitney
Xwill
Xwilliam
Xwilliamsburg
Xwillie
Xwinston
Xwisconsin
Xwizard
Xwombat
Xwoodwind
Xwormwood
Xyacov
Xyang
Xyellowstone
Xyosemite
Xzap
Xzimmerman
SHAR_EOF
chmod 0600 cops/pass.words ||
echo 'restore of cops/pass.words failed'
Wc_c="`wc -c < 'cops/pass.words'`"
test 3278 -eq "$Wc_c" ||
	echo 'cops/pass.words: original size 3278, current size' "$Wc_c"
fi
# ============= cops/passwd.chk ==============
if test -f 'cops/passwd.chk' -a X"$1" != X"-c"; then
	echo 'x - skipping cops/passwd.chk (File already exists)'
else
echo 'x - extracting cops/passwd.chk (Text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'cops/passwd.chk' &&
X:
X#
X#   passswd.chk
X#
X#  Check passsword file -- /etc/passswd -- for incorrect number of fields,
X# duplicate uid's, non-alphanumeric uids, and non-numeric group id's.
X#
X# Awk part from _The AWK Programming Language_, page 78
X#
X#  Mechanism:  Passwd.check uses awk to ensure that each line of the file
X# has 7 fields, as well as examining the file for any duplicate users
X# by using "sort -u".  It also checks to make sure that the password
X# field (the second one) is either a "*", meaning the group has no password,
X# or a non-null field (which would mean that the account has a null
X# password.)  It then checks to ensure that all uids are alphanumeric,
X# and that all user id numbers are indeed numeric.  For yellow pages
X# passwords, it does the same checking, but in order to get a listing of
X# all members of the password file, it does a "ypcat passwd > ./$$" and
X# uses that temporary file for a passfile.  It removes the tmp file after
X# using it, of course.
X#   The /etc/passwd file has a very specific format, making the task
X# fairly simple.  Normally it has lines with 7 fields, each field
X# separated by a colon (:).  The first field is the user id, the second
X# field is the encrypted password (an asterix (*) means the group has no
X# password, otherwise the first two characters are the salt), the third
X# field is the user id number, the fourth field is the group id number,
X# the fifth field is the GECOS field (basically holds miscellaneous
X# information, varying from site to site), the sixth field is the home
X# directory of the user, and lastly the seventh field is the login shell
X# of the user.  No blank lines should be present.  Uid's will be flagged
X# if over 8 chars, unless the $OVER_8 variable (line 50) is set to "YES".
X#   If a line begins with a plus sign (+), it is a yellow pages entry.
X# See passwd(5) for more information, if this applies to your site.
X#
XAWK=/bin/awk
XTEST=/bin/test
XECHO=/bin/echo
XSORT=/usr/bin/sort
XUNIQ=/usr/bin/uniq
XRM=/bin/rm
XYPCAT=/usr/bin/ypcat
X
X#   Used for Sun C2 security group file.  FALSE (default) will flag
X# valid C2 passwd syntax as an error, TRUE attempts to validate it.
X# Thanks to Pete Troxell for pointing this out.
XC2=FALSE
X
X#  Some systems allow long uids; set this to "YES", if so (thanks
X# to Pete Shipley (lot of petes around here, eh?)):
XOVER_8=NO
X
X#
X# Important files:
Xetc_passwd=/etc/passwd
Xyp_passwd=./$$
X
Xyp=false
X
X# Testing $etc_passwd for potential problems....
Xif $TEST -f $YPCAT
X	then
Xif $TEST -s $YPCAT
X	then
X	$YPCAT passwd > $yp_passwd
X	if $TEST $? -eq 0
X		then
X		yp=true
X		fi
X	fi
Xfi
X
Xresult=`$AWK -F: '{print $1}' $etc_passwd | $SORT |$UNIQ -d`
Xif $TEST "$result"
X	then
X	$ECHO "Warning!  Duplicate uid(s) found in $etc_passwd:"
X	$ECHO $result
Xfi
X
X
X#   First line is for a yellow pages entry in the password file.
X# It really should check for correct yellow pages syntax....
X$AWK 'BEGIN {FS = ":" } \
X	{if (substr($1,1,1) != "+") { \
X	if ($0 ~ /^[ 	]*$/) { printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, is blank\n", NR) } else {
X	if (NF != 7) {
X		printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, does not have 7 fields: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X	if ($1 !~ /[A-Za-z0-9]/) {
X		printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, nonalphanumeric login: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X	if (length($1) > 8 && "'$OVER_8'" != "YES") {
X		printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, uid > 8 chars\n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X	if ($2 == "") {
X		printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, no password: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X 	if ("'$C2'" == "TRUE" && $2 ~ /^##/ && "##"$1 != $2) {
X		printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, invalid password field for C2: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X	if ($3 !~ /^[0-9]/) {
X		if ($3 < 0) {
X			printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, negative user id: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X		else {
X		printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, nonnumeric user id: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) }} \
X	if ($3 == "0" && $1 != "root") {
X		printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, user %s has uid = 0 and is not root\n\t%s\n", NR, $1, $0) } \
X	if ($4 !~ /[0-9]/) {
X		printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, nonnumeric group id: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X	if ($6 !~ /^\//) {
X		printf("Warning!  Password file, line %d, invalid login directory: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X	}}}' $etc_passwd
X
X#
X# Test yellow pages passwords as well
Xif $TEST "$yp" = "true"
X	then
X	yresult=`$AWK -F: '{print $1}' $yp_passwd | $SORT |$UNIQ -d`
X	if $TEST "$yresult"
X		then
X		$ECHO "Warning!  Duplicate uid(s) found in yellow page passwords:"
X		$ECHO $yresult
X	fi
X
X	$AWK 'BEGIN {FS = ":" } \
X		{ if ($0 ~ /^[ 	]*$/) { printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, is blank\n", NR) } else {
X		if (NF != 7) {
X			printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, does not have 7 fields: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X		if ($1 !~ /[A-Za-z0-9]/) {
X			printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, nonalphanumeric login: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X		if (length($1) > 8 && "'$OVER_8'" != "YES") {
X			printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, uid > 8 chars\n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X		if ($2 == "") {
X			printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, no password: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X		if ($3 !~ /^[0-9]/) {
X			if ($3 < 0) {
X			printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, negative user id: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X			else {
X			printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, nonnumeric user id: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) }} \
X		if ($3 == "0" && $1 != "root") {
X			printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, user %s has uid = 0 and is not root\n\t%s\n", NR, $1, $0) } \
X		if ($4 !~ /[0-9]/) {
X			printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, nonnumeric group id: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X		if ($6 !~ /^\//) {
X			printf("Warning!  YPassword file, line %d, invalid login directory: \n\t%s\n", NR, $0) } \
X		}}' $yp_passwd
X	
Xfi
X
X$RM -f $yp_passwd
X
X# end
SHAR_EOF
chmod 0700 cops/passwd.chk ||
echo 'restore of cops/passwd.chk failed'
Wc_c="`wc -c < 'cops/passwd.chk'`"
test 5702 -eq "$Wc_c" ||
	echo 'cops/passwd.chk: original size 5702, current size' "$Wc_c"
fi
# ============= cops/docs/COPS.report ==============
if test ! -d 'cops/docs'; then
    echo 'x - creating directory cops/docs'
    mkdir 'cops/docs'
fi
if test -f 'cops/docs/COPS.report' -a X"$1" != X"-c"; then
	echo 'x - skipping cops/docs/COPS.report (File already exists)'
else
echo 'x - extracting cops/docs/COPS.report (Text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'cops/docs/COPS.report' &&
X.ps 12
X.vs 12
X.PH ````
X.pn
X.nr W 78
X.ce 2
X\fBCOPS and Robbers
XUN*X System Security\fP
X.sp
X.sp
X.PP
XIn the last few years, computer security has received a great deal
Xmore attention than it has in the past.  Computerized break-ins and
Xcriminal activity, once merely the product of the imagination of
Xscience fiction writers,
Xhas became a fairly common occurence in both commercial and academic
Xcircles.  In this paper, I will go over the problems that face any
Xmultiuser computing system, then discuss how these problems apply to UNIX\**
X.FS
XAlthough originally designed and developed by Ken Thompson and
XDennis Ritchie of AT&T, UNIX has grown far beyond its' original
Xdesign and now numerous companies market their own \*Qflavor\*U of
XUNIX.  When I use the term UNIX in this paper, I don't mean merely
XAT&T's version, but instead I mean the majority of the most popular
Xvarieties, made by developers at Berkely, Sun, and a host of other
Xmanufacturers.  I believe UNIX is still a trademark of Bell
XLaboratories.
X.FE
Xspecifically, and finally present in detail a suite of programs that
Xwere developed in an attempt to address some of the main problems
Xthat could be solved via software.  UNIX, although considered to be
Xa fairly secure operating system ([Wood 88], [Duff 89], etc), has the
Xadvantage of having many published works ([Grampp and Morris 84],
X[Bishop 83], etc) on the problems that a computing site can have with
Xsecurity, and in addition, on how a UNIX system administrator might
Xmake his/her system more secure by monitoring various aspects of his/her
XUNIX site.  This, combined with UNIX's popularity, make it an ideal
Xtarget for a software security system to operate on.
X.PP
XIn this report I am not going to discuss specific ways of breaking
Xinto a given UNIX machine (for a more detailed description on how to
Xcompromise UNIX security, see either [Baldwin88], [Bishop83],
X[Wood & Kochran 86], or [Grampp & Morris 84]) -- instead, I will
Xconcentrate on how to improve and strengthen the potentially good
Xsecurity of a generic UNIX system by means of a software toolkit
Xthat examines the weaker areas of UNIX that are either traditionally
Xignored (due to the time constraints or ignorance of the system
Xadministrators) or are simply reoccurring problems that need to be
Xwatched over.  In addition, this report is not meant for UNIX neophytes
X-- although a great deal of proficiency is not needed to read
Xthis report and use the programs described herein, a familiarity with
Xbasic UNIX features -- the file system and file permission modes for
Xexample -- and commands such as
X.ul
Xawk, grep, sed
Xas well as a working knowledge of shell and C programming are necessary
Xto understand the internal workings of the security system described in
Xthis paper.
X.PP
XAlthough there is no reasonable way that all security problems can be
Xsolved (at least not with a software solution) on any arbitrary UNIX
Xsystem, administrators and system programs can be assisted by a software
Xsecurity tool.  The Computer Oracle Password and Security system (COPS)
Xthat will be described in this paper is just such a device.  The COPS
Xsystem is a collection of programs and shell scripts that attempt
Xto address as many of these problems as possible in an efficient,
Xportable, and above all in a reliable and safe way.  The main goal
Xof COPS is one of prevention; it tries to anticipate and eliminate
Xsecurity problems by making sure people don't get a chance to
Xcompromise security in the first place.  Alerting the
Xadministrators of a potential intruder or that a virus has infected 
Xthe system is beyond the scope of the present system, although with 
Xwork with such capabilities could be added ([Bauer and Koblentz 88]
Xand [Duff 89].)
X.PP
XTo understand the reason COPS might check any specific problem, a
Xlook at computer security problems in general is in order.  The
Xproblems listed below are not meant to be inclusive, but they are
Xindicative of the myriad types of dilemmas a typical computer multiuser
Xsystem might encounter:
X.PP
X1)  Administrators, system programmers, and computer operators.  The
Xvery people that (should) worry the most about security are sometimes
Xthe ones that are the
Xleast concerned.  Carelessness is one of the main culprits; a mistake by a user
Xmight cause little or no problem, but when someone with no
Xrestrictions (or almost none) on their computer activity makes a mistake,
Xa security hole can result.  \*QI can trust my users\*U is a fine
Xstatement to make -- but can you trust your users' friends?  How about
Xthe users of computers that are networked to yours?
XNew software, systems, or procedures
Xcan facilitate extra problems; a computing staff is often ill or
Xcompletely non-trained on new techniques and software.
XToo often \*QRTFM\*U is the only training that they will ever receive.
XPrograms that are created for in-house use are often ill-documented and
Xnot debugged thoroughly, and when users other than the author start to
Xuse/abuse the program, problems can result.  Especially misunderstood,
Xeven by experienced UNIX system programmers, is the SUID program or,
Xworse yet, the SUID shell script ([Bishop 83].)
XWhen a user says that his/her password was forgotten (or any
Xother account/security related problem), what checks are made to verify
Xthat the person is really the owner of that account?  Are users that are
Xsecurity problems kept track of, so that repeated abuses of the system will
Xresult in punitive action?  Does your site even have a security policy?
XAnd of course, the last straw is that most system administrators simply
Xhave too much other work to do than to constantly check
Xthe system for potential security flaws -- let alone to double-check that
Xany work done by other system programmers has been done correctly.
XThese are the actions that often get left unsaid and undone.
X.PP
XA UNIX environment has no special defenses against this kind of
X\*Qattack\*U.  Fortunately, a number of these potential problems (unless
Xcatastrophic in scope) are not only correctable, but are
Xeasy to detect with a software toolkit such as COPS.  Even the most
Xcareful UNIX guru will periodically make a mistake; COPS has been
Xdesigned to aid in her/his never ending battle against the forces of
Xdarkness.
X.PP
X2)  Physical security.  This is perhaps the most frustrating of all 
Xpossible problems because it effects all computer systems and is often the
Xhardest to safeguard against.  Even if the software is secure, even if 
Xthe system administrators are alert to potential problems, what happens 
Xif a user walks up to the root console and starts typing?  Does the night
Xjanitorial staff let anyone into the machine room without proper 
Xidentification? Who has access to the key that opens up the computing 
Xcenter?  Are terminals that are logged on left unguarded or unlocked?
XAre passwords written on or near a users terminal or desk?
XNo software in the world can help
Xagainst human nature or carelessness.  Reiterating to your staff and users
Xthat terminals should not be left alone or unguarded and that passwords
X(especially root) should not be typed in front of unfriendly (and in
Xthis case, _everyone_ is your enemy) eyes would be a good start.  A
Xsimple analogy: since you would never give the keys to the company car
Xaway, why on earth would you give away the keys to your computer, which
Xis certainly worth a hell of a lot more time and money (although it may
Xnot get as good mileage on the interstate.)  Common sense goes a long
Xways to help prevent this kind of risk.
X.PP
X3)  Authentication.  What is authentication?  All modern computing
Xsystems that have capabilities for multiple users have a means of
Xidentifying who is
Xusing the computer at any given time.  A common means of identification
Xis by using a password; and since the inception of this idea, poor
Xpasswords have been a perennial problem.  People have a tendency to
Xuse their own name, or their social security number, or some other
Xcommon word, name, or phrase for a password.  The problem then arises
Xwhen an unauthorized user wants to access clandestine information,
Xhe/she simply tries one of these simple passwords until a successful
Xmatch is found.
X.PP
XOther problems with authentication?  What computer hosts are
X\*Qtrusted\*U and allow users to log in from other machines without 
Xany further authentication?  Are incorrect login attempts kept and/or
Xmonitored so as to allow administrators to keep track of any unusual
Xactivity?  What about \*QTrojan horses\*U -- programs that can steal
Xpasswords and the privileges that a user owns -- is there a program or a
Xadministrative method that detects a potential 'horse?
X.PP
XFortunately UNIX systems again have some fairly good tools to aid in
Xthis fight.  Although finding simple passwords is indeed a trivial
Xtask, forcing the users on a system to use passwords that are harder to
Xguess is also
Xtrivial, by either modifying the mechanism that gets/gives the password
Xto the user, and/or by having the system administrators run a simple
Xpassword detector periodically, and notifying users if their password is
Xdeemed too obvious.  The
X.ul
Xcrypt
Xcommand, although proven to be insecure for a knowledgeable and
Xresourceful attacker ([Reed and Weinberger 84], [Baldwin 86]), does
Xoffer an added shield against most unauthorized users.  Logs can be kept
Xof incorrect login attempts, but as with most security measures, to be
Xeffective someone (usually the site administrator) must take the time to
Xexamine the evidence.
X.PP
X4)  Bugs/Features.  Massive software designs (such as an operating system)
Xare usually the result of a team or of teams of developers working together.
XIt only takes one programmer to make a mistake, and it will almost always
Xhappen.  \*QBack doors\*U that allow unauthorized entrances are sometimes
Xpurposefully coded in -- for debugging, maintenance, or other reasons.
XAnd there are always 
Xunexpected side effects when thousands of people using the system start
Xdoing strange (stupid?) things.  The best kind of defense against this
Xis to report the problems to the developer as they are discovered, and
Xif possible, to also report a way to fix the problem.  Unfortunately,
Xin many cases the
Xsource code is needed to make a bug fix, and especially in non-academic
Xareas, this is simply not available due to the prohibitive costs involved.
XCombining this with the reluctance of a (usually) commercial developer
Xto admit any problems with their product, and the end result is a
Xsecurity hole that will not be mended unless some kind of financial loss
Xor gain is at stake -- for the developer of the product, not yours!
X.PP
X5)  Ignorance.  Users who don't know or care can be a problem as well.
XEven if
Xsomeone doesn't care about their own security, they can unwittingly
Xcompromise the entire system -- especially if they are a user with
Xhigh privileges.  Administrators and system operators are not immune to
Xthis either, but hopefully are better informed, or at least have access
Xto a means of combating this dysfunction.  It may also be due to apathy,
Xan unwillingness to learn a new system, a lack of time to explore all of
Xthe features of a large system, or simply not enough computer savvy to
Xlearn more about a very complex system, and no one willing to
Xteach it to the user.  This problem is much like illiteracy; it is a
Xnever-ending battle that will never go completely away.  And while a 
Xsoftware toolkit such as COPS can help combat this problem by calling
Xattention to neglected or misunderstood critical areas, by far and away
Xthe best weapon against this is education.  An educated user will simply
Xnot make as many mistakes; and while it may seem impractical to teach
X_all_ users about (even) the fundamentals of computer security, think of
Xall the time and resources wasted tracking down the mistakes that keep
Xrecurring time and time again.
X.PP
X6)  Unauthorized permissions or privileges.  Are users given _too much_
Xfreedom?  Do new computer accounts have any default security at all, or
Xare the new users expected to know what to do to protect their programs,
Xdata, and other files.  System files, programs, and data are sometimes
Xshipped with minimal or no protection when gotten straight from the
Xmanufacturer; someone at the installation site must have enough
Xknowledge to \*Qtune\*U the system to be effective and safe.  Password,
Xmemory, and log files especially should all be carefully monitored,
Xbut unfortunately an experienced user can often still find out any information
Xthey want with perseverance and a little luck.  This is
Xwhere a system such as COPS can really shine.  After a new system is
Xconfigured, some basic flaws can be uncovered with just a small amount
Xof effort.  New system problems that somehow slip through the cracks of
Xthe site installers can be caught and modified before any serious
Xproblems result.  The key here is to prevent your system users from
Xgetting a denial of computer service that they need and deserve.  Service
Xcould mean anything from CPU time, response time, file space, or any
Xother commodity that a computer has to offer.
X.PP
X7)  Crackers/Hackers/Evil twin brothers.  Not much is needed on this
Xsubject, save to say that they are often not the main problem.
XProfessional evil-users are a rarity; often harmful acts are done 
Xby users who \*Qjust wanted to see what would happen\*U or had no idea
Xof the ramifications of their acts.  Someone who is truly experienced is 
Xvery difficult to stop, and is certainly outside the realm of any
Xsoftware security tool as discussed in this paper.  Fortunately, most
Xevil-doers are fairly inexperienced and ignorant, and when they make a
Xmistake, a watchful administrator can deal with a problem before it gets
Xout of hand.  Sometimes they can even reveal security problems that 
Xwere previously undiscovered.  COPS can help here mostly by reducing an
Xattacker's options; the less holes to exploit, the better.
X.PP
XThe COPS system attempts to help protect as many of the above
Xitems as possible for a generic UNIX system.  In the proper UNIX spirit,
Xinstead of having a large program that attempts to solve every possible
Xproblem, it is composed of several small programs that each check one
Xor more potential UNIX security holes.
XThe COPS system uses a variety of these problems to see if there are any
Xcracks in a given UNIX security wall.  These methods correspond to some
Xof the problems discussed above; specifically to administrators, system
Xprogrammers, and computer operators; authentication; ignorance;
Xunauthorized permissions or privileges; and finally crackers/hackers/evil
Xtwin brothers (numbers 1,3,5, and 6.)  It is very difficult, almost a
Xpractical impossibility to give software assistance to problems in
Xphysical security, and finally bugs or features that are present in a
Xgiven UNIX system are possible to detect, but are not covered in this
Xsystem (yet).  The design of most of the the programs were at least
Xdescribed if not outlined from the following sources:
X.sp
XAho, Kernighan, and Weinberger 88
X.sp
XBaldwin 87
X.sp
XFiedler and Hunter 86
X.sp
XGrampp and Morris 84
X.sp
XWood and Kochran 86
X.sp
X.PP
XOf course with all of the problems listed below, looking at the actual
Xsource code of the program is very instructive -- each numbered section
Xlists the corresponding program that is used to perform the check.  COPS
Xchecks:
X.PP
X1)  \*Qvital\*U system files and directories to see if they
Xhave dangerous permissions (usually either world-writable, or world-readable.)
XFiles and directories thought to be critical are in a configuration
Xfile
X.ul
Xis_able.lst.
XWildcards are useable like in UNIX; indeed, COPS
Xpasses everything to the shell for expansion.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xis_able.chk
X.PP
X2)  Check devices for file systems to see if they are world-readable/writable,
Xplus check for any exported NFS file systems with no restrictions.
XThe file systems are normally found in /etc/fstab.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xdev.chk
X.PP
X3)  Check all files in system for SUID status, notifying the COPS user
Xof any changes in SUID status, and if any SUID files are world-writable,
Xshell scripts, or non-executable (program) files.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xsuid.chk
Xand was written by Prentiss Riddle.
X.PP
X4)  Check the /etc/passwd file (and the yellow pages password database, if
Xapplicable) for null passwords, improper # of fields, non-unique user-id's,
Xnon-numeric group id's, blank lines, and non-alphanumeric user-id's.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xpasswd.chk
X.PP
X5)  Check the /etc/group file (and the yellow pages database, if
Xapplicable) for groups with passwords, improper # of fields,
Xduplicate users in groups, blank lines, and non-unique group-id's.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xgroup.chk
X.PP
X6)  Check passwords of users on system.
X.sp
XMethod -- using the stock \*Qcrypt\*U command, compare the encrypted
Xpassword found in the /etc/passwd file against the following
X(encrypted) guesses:
X.sp
XThe login id (uid), information in the gecos field, and all single
Xletter passwords.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xpass.chk
Xand was written by Craig Leres and was modified by Seth Alford,
XRoger Southwick, Steve Dum, and Rick Lindsley.  Bugs have been reported
Xand fixed by numerous people.
X.PP
X7)  Check the root path, umask, also if root is in /etc/ftpuser and
Xowns /bin, /etc, /etc/passwd, /.login, /.profile and /.rhosts, and
Xfinally if a \*Q+\*U is in /etc/hosts.equiv.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xroot.chk
X.PP
X8)  Examine the commands in /etc/rc* to ensure that none of the
Xfiles or paths used are world-writable.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xrc.chk
X.PP
X9)  Examine the commands in /usr/lib/crontab to ensure that none of the
Xfiles or paths used are world-writable.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xcron.chk
X.PP
X10)  Check all of the user home directories to ensure they are not
Xworld writable.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xhome.chk
Xand was written by John Owens.
X.PP
X11) Check important user files in user's home directories to ensure
Xthey are not world writable, plus checks netrc files to see if they
Xare readable.  The files checked (all in the individual
Xusers' home directory, all with the prefix \*Q.\*U):
X.sp
Xrhosts profile login cshrc kshrc tcshr crhost
X.sp
Xnetrc forward dbxinit distfile exrc emacsrc logout
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xuser.chk
X.PP
X12) Checks ftp setup; anononymous ftp setup, if you support it.  This
Xseems to be fairly site specific; it tries to check for correct ownership,
Xfile/directory permissions, etc.; for a complete description, check the
Xman page for ftp.chk.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xftp.chk [-a]
X.PP
X13) Check for unexpected file system corruption or security breaches,
Xusing CRC values that are generated from your system files, then
Xcompared against previously calculated values.  As the author says:
X\*QIt's nice to be able to say that you know all your files
Xare as they should be.\*U
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xcrc.chk.
XMark Mendel wrote most of
X.ul
Xcrc.c
Xand Jon Zeef wrote
X.ul
Xcrc_check.c
X.PP
X14) Checks a few miscellaneous potential security problems that really
Xdon't belong anywhere else.  This includes looking to see if tftp &
Xrexecd are enabled, to check if the uudecode alias is in the mail
Xalias file and not commented out, if uudecode is either SUID or can
Xcreate SUID files, and if the programs inside the /etc/inetd.conf
Xor /etc/servers aren't world-writable.
X.sp
XThe program that performs this task is
X.ul
Xmisc.chk
X.PP
X15) Given a goal to compromise, such as user root, and a list of user
Xand group id's that can be used in an attempt to achieve the goal, this
Xsecurity tool will search through the system until it verifies that the
Xgoal is compromisible or not.  The program that performs this tricky task
Xis part of the
X.ul
XU-Kuang
X(rhymes with \*Qtwang\*U)
Xsystem.  Robert Baldwin was kind enough to allow me to include this
Xsecurity checker (a fine security machine in it's own right)
Xwithin this distribution.  For more information on this fascinating
Xsecurity checker, see kuang.man.ms and [Baldwin 87].  I have rewritten
Xit in Bourne shell (it was in C-Shell) for further portability; Steve
XRomig rewrote it in Perl for speed.
X.PP
X.PP
XNone of programs listed above certain cover all of the possible areas
Xthat can harm a system, but if run together they can aid an overworked
Xadministrator to locate some of the potential trouble spots.  The COPS
Xsystem is not meant to be a panacea against all UNIX security woes,
Xbut an administrator who examines the security toolbox programs and 
Xthis research paper might reduce the danger of their UNIX system being
Xcompromised -- and that's all any security tool can ever hope to do.
XThe COPS system could never replace a vigilant administration
Xstaffed with knowledgeable people, but hopefully, as administrators look
Xinto the package, more comprehensive programs will come into being,
Xcovering more of the problems that will continue as the latest versions
Xof UNIX continue to grow.
X.PP
XDesign Notes:
X.PP
XThe programs that are described here were designed to address the
Xproblems discussed above, but still be usable on as many UNIX
X\*Qflavors\*U as possible.  Speed was sacrificed for
Xsimplicity/portability; hopefully the tools here will either be
Xreplaced or modified, as by no means are they the final word or
Xsolution to _any_ of these problems; indeed, it is my hope that
Xafter other programmers/administrators see this report, they will
Xcreate newer, better, and more general tools that can be
Xre-distributed periodically.  None of the programs need to be run by
Xroot to be effective, with the exception of the SUID checker (to
Xensure that all files are checked.) Some of the tools were written by
Xmyself, the others were written by other programmers on the network
Xand (with their permission) presented here.  All of the programs in
Xthis report are in the public domain, with the exception of Robert
XBaldwin's U-Kuang system; they all exist solely to be used and
Xmodified to fit your needs.  If they are re-distributed, please 
Xkeep them in their original form unless it is clearly stated that
Xthey were modified.  Any improvements (that might not be too hard :-)),
Xsuggestions, or other security programs that
Xyou would like to see get further distribution can be sent to:
X.PP
Xdf at medusa.cs.purdue.edu
X.PP
X(That's me)
X.PP
Xor
X.PP
Xspaf at uther.cs.purdue.edu
X.PP
X(Dr. Eugene Spafford)
X.PP
X.PP
XEnhancements I envision include:
X.sp
Xi) Improved speed and portability without sacrificing functionality
X(pretty obvious, I guess....)
X.sp
Xii) A level of severity assigned to each warning; anything that could 
Xcompromise root instantly (root having no password, for example) might
Xhave a level 0 priority, while simply having a user with a writable home
Xdirectory might only be level 3.  This way the system could be run at
Xa certain threshold level, or simply have the set of warnings
Xprioritized for a less sophisticated administrator.
X.sp
Xiii) The eradication of any design flaws or coding errors that are in
Xthe COPS system.
X.PP
XThe main purpose of creating the COPS system was twofold; the first was
Xto foster an understanding of the security problems common to most UNIX
Xsystems, and the second was to try to create and apply software tools
Xthat, when run, will inform system administrators of potential problems
Xpresent in their system.  No attempt is made by the tools to correct any
Xproblems because a potential security problem at one site may be
Xstandard policy/practice at another.  An emphasis on furthering
Xeducation and knowledge about UNIX in general is the key to good
Xsecurity practices, not following blindly what an unintelligent tool
Xmight say.
X.PP
XSome of the advantages to using a system such as COPS are:
X.sp
Xi) Nearly Continuous monitoring of traditional problem areas.
X.sp
Xii) A new system can be checked before being put into production.
X.sp
Xiii) New or inexperienced administrators can not only stop some of their
Xproblems in security they may have, but can also raise their
Xconsciousness about the potential for security dilemmas.
X.PP
XAnd a couple of disadvantages:
X.sp
Xi) An administrator could get a false sense of security from running
Xthese programs.  Caveat emptor (ok, they are free, but still beware.)
X.sp
Xii) A specific path to the elimination of the problem is not presented.
XThis could also be construed as an advantage, when considering the third
Xpoint.
X.sp
Xiii) Badguys can get these tools.  You know -- the guys with black hats.
XWhat happens when they get a copy of this package?  With any sensitive
Xsubject like security, knowledge is zealously guarded.  People are
Xafraid that absolute knowledge corrupts -- who knows, they may be right.
XBut I staunchly stand by the tree of knowledge.  Let the bad guys taste
Xthe fruit, and they may see the light, so to speak.  In addition, the
Xsystem does not say how to exploit the hole, just that it exists.
X.PP
X.ul
XResults of Running COPS:
X.PP
XNot surprisingly, the results when COPS was run varied significantly
Xdepending on what system and site it was run on.  Here at Purdue, it was
Xrun on a Sequent Symmetry running DYNIX 3.0.12, on a pair of Suns (a
X3/280 and 3/50) running UNIX 4.2 release 3.4, a VAX 11/780 running 4.3
XBSD UNIX, a VAX 8600 running Ultrix 2.2, and finally a NeXT machine
Xrunning their 0.9 O/S version of UNIX.  The results of the COPS
Xsystem showed a reasonable amount of security concern on all of the
Xmachines; the faculty only machines showed the weakest security, followed
Xby the machines used by the graduate students, and finally the undergraduate
Xmachines had the strongest security (our administrators _know_ that you
Xcan't trust those (us?) young folks.)  Whether this was showing that
XPurdue has a good administration, or that the UNIX vendors have a fairly
Xgood grasp on potential security problems, or if it was merely 
Xshowcasing the shortcomings of this system wasn't clear to me from the
Xresults.
X.PP
XThe security results probably will vary significantly from machine to
Xmachine -- this
Xis not a fault of UNIX; merely having the same machine and software
Xdoes not mean that two sites will not have completely different security
Xconcerns.  In addition, different vendors and administrators have
Xsignificantly varying opinions on how a machine should be set up.  There
Xis no fundamental reason why any system cannot pass all or nearly all of
Xthese tests, but what is standard policy at one sites may be an
Xunthinkable risk at another, depending upon the nature of the work being
Xdone, the information stored on the computer, and the users of the
Xsystem.
X.PP
XWhen I first started researching this report, I thought it would be a
Xfairly easy task.  Go to a few computing sites, read some theoretical
Xpapers, gather all the programs everyone had written, and write a
Xbrief summary paper.  But what I found was an
Xtremendous lack of communication and concerted effort towards the
Xsubject of security.  AT&T had written a couple of programs ([Kaplilow
Xand Cherepov 88], as had Hewlett Packard ([Spence 89]), but they were
Xproprietary.  I heard rumors that the
Xgovernment was either working on or had such a security system, but they
Xcertainly weren't going to give it to me.
XThe one book devoted to UNIX security ([Kochran and Wood 86]) was good,
Xbut the programs that they presented were not expansive enough for what
XI had in mind, plus the fact that they had written their programs
Xmostly based on System V.  And while most system administrators I talked
Xto had written at least a shell script or two that performed a minor
Xsecurity task (SUID programs seemed the most popular), no one seemed to
Xexchange ideas or any
Xtheir problems with other sites -- possibly afraid that the admission of
Xa weakness in their site might be an invitation to disaster.  There is
Xan excellent security discussion group on the network ([Various Authors
X84-]), from which I received some excellent ideas for this project, but
Xit is very restrictive to whom it allows to participate.  I hope that
Xwith the release of this security system it will not only help stamp
Xout problems with UNIX security, but would encourage people to exchange
Xideas, programs, problems and solutions to the computer community at large.
X
XDan Farmer
XSeptember 29, 1989
X(latest changes on January 7, 1991)
X.PP
X.ul
XAcknowledgements:
XI would like to thank Eugene Spafford for his invaluable help in
Xthe researching, planning, and development of this project.  Without
Xthe writings and programs created by Robert Morris, Matt Bishop, and
Xother capable UNIX programmers, this project could never have gotten
Xoff the ground.  Thanks also go to Brian Kernighan, Dennis Ritchie,
XDonald Knuth, and Ken Thompson, for such inspirational computer work.
XAnd of course without Peg, none of this would have come into being.
XThanks again to all of you.
X.bp
X.ce
X.ul
XBIBLIOGRAPHY
X
X.sp
X_, UNIX Programmers Manual, 4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution,
XComputer Science Division, Department of Electrical
XEngineering and Computer Science University of California,
XBerkeley, CA, August 1983.
X.sp
X_, DYNIX(R) V3.0.12 System Manuals, Sequent Computer Systems, Inc., 1984.
X.sp
XAho, Alfred V., Brian W. Kernighan, and Peter J. Weinberger, The
XAWK Programming Language, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1988.
X.sp
XAuthors, Various, UNIX Security Mailing List/Security Digest,
XDecember 1984 -.
X.sp
XBaldwin, Robert W., Crypt Breakers Workbench, Usenet, October
X1986.
X.sp
XBaldwin, Robert W., Rule Based Analysis of Computer Security,
XMassachusetts Institute of Technology, June 1987.
X.sp
XBauer, David S. and Michael E. Koblentz, NIDX - A Real-Time
XIntrusion Detection Expert System, Proceedings of the Summer
X1988 USENIX Conference, Summer, 1988.
X.sp
XBishop, Matt, Security Problems with the UNIX Operating System,
XDepartment of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, January
X31, 1983.
X.sp
XBishop, Matt, How to Write a Setuid Program, April 18, 1985.
X.sp
XDenning, Dorothy, Cryptography and Data Security, Addison-Wesley
XPublishing Company, Inc, 1983.
X.sp
XDuff, Tom, Viral Attacks On UNIX System Security, Proceedings of
Xthe Winter 1988 USENIX Conference, Winter, 1988.
X.sp
XFiedler, David and Bruce Hunter, UNIX System Administration,
XHayden Book Company, 1986.
X.sp
XGrampp, F. T. and R. H. Morris, "UNIX Operating System Security,"
XAT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, October 1984.
X.sp
XKaplilow, Sharon A. and Mikhail Cherepov, "Quest -- A Security
XAuditing Tool," AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal,
XAT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, May/June 1988.
X.sp
XMorris, Robert and Ken Thompson, "Password Security : A Case
XHistory," Communications of the ACM, November 1979.
X.sp
XReed, Brian, "Reflections on Some Recent Widespread Computer
XBreak-ins," Communications of the ACM, vol. Vol 30, No. 2,
XFebruary 1987.
X.sp
XReed, J.A. and P.J. Weinberger, File Security and the UNIX System
XCrypt Command, Vol 63, No. 8, AT&T Bell Laboratories
XTechnical Journal, October 1984.
X.sp
XSmith, Kirk, Tales of the Damned, UNIX Review, February 1988.
X.sp
XSpafford, Eugene H., The Internet Worm Program: An Analysis,
XPurdue Technical Report CSD-TR-823, Nov 28, 1988.
X.sp
XSpafford, Eugene H., 1989.  Private Communications
X.sp
XBruce Spence, spy: A UNIX File System Security Monitor, Workshop
XProceedings of the Large Installation Systems Administration III,
XSeptember, 1988.
X.sp
XStoll, Clifford, Stalking the Wily Hacker, Volume 31, Number 5,
XCommunications of the ACM, May 1988.
X.sp
XThompson, Ken, Reflections on Trusting Trust, Volume 27, Number
X8, Communications of the ACM, August 1984.
X.sp
XWood, Patrick and Stephen Kochran, UNIX System Security, Hayden
XBooks, 1986.
X.sp
XWood, Patrick, A Loss of Innocence, UNIX Review, February 1988.
SHAR_EOF
chmod 0600 cops/docs/COPS.report ||
echo 'restore of cops/docs/COPS.report failed'
Wc_c="`wc -c < 'cops/docs/COPS.report'`"
test 31849 -eq "$Wc_c" ||
	echo 'cops/docs/COPS.report: original size 31849, current size' "$Wc_c"
fi
# ============= cops/docs/KUANG.README ==============
if test -f 'cops/docs/KUANG.README' -a X"$1" != X"-c"; then
	echo 'x - skipping cops/docs/KUANG.README (File already exists)'
else
echo 'x - extracting cops/docs/KUANG.README (Text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'cops/docs/KUANG.README' &&
X
X  The U-Kuang system is currently setup in a minimum configuration; e.g.
Xit assumes only that world modes/permissions are to be used.  To fully
Xuse the system, if the password checkers and the home-directory checker
Xcome back with any positive results (i.e. with an account that can be
Xbroken), modify the init_kuang file to reflect this.
X  To use this system to it's full capabilities, be sure to read the
Xmanual, kuang.man.ms.
X
XThis directory contains the various programs and shell scripts
Xthat make up the Kuang security checking system.
X
XThe file, kuang.man.1, documents the system in the style of a UNIX
Xmanual page.  The file, kuang.mss, is a draft of a paper on
Xthis system.
X
X
XTo run the system:
X
X0. Execute 'make' to build the programs.
X1. Read kuang.man.1
X2. Modify the file, init_kuang, to set the initial set of privileges.
X3. Execute "sh kuang" (or run the COPS system.)
X
SHAR_EOF
chmod 0600 cops/docs/KUANG.README ||
echo 'restore of cops/docs/KUANG.README failed'
Wc_c="`wc -c < 'cops/docs/KUANG.README'`"
test 886 -eq "$Wc_c" ||
	echo 'cops/docs/KUANG.README: original size 886, current size' "$Wc_c"
fi
# ============= cops/docs/SUID.README ==============
if test -f 'cops/docs/SUID.README' -a X"$1" != X"-c"; then
	echo 'x - skipping cops/docs/SUID.README (File already exists)'
else
echo 'x - extracting cops/docs/SUID.README (Text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'cops/docs/SUID.README' &&
XFindsuid is a little utility we dreamt up to watch for potential Trojan horse
Xprograms by keeping an eye on our suid and sgid files and telling us when
Xthey change unexpectedly.
X
XWe run it using the following line in crontab:
X
X	40 3 * * * /etc/findsuid/findsuid >/etc/findsuid/fserror 2>&1
X
XIncluded here is the findsuid shell script, a man page, a makefile, and a
Xsample "stop" file.
X
X--- Prentiss Riddle ("Aprendiz de todo, maestro de nada.")
X--- {ihnp4,harvard,seismo,gatech,ctvax}!ut-sally!riddle
SHAR_EOF
chmod 0600 cops/docs/SUID.README ||
echo 'restore of cops/docs/SUID.README failed'
Wc_c="`wc -c < 'cops/docs/SUID.README'`"
test 501 -eq "$Wc_c" ||
	echo 'cops/docs/SUID.README: original size 501, current size' "$Wc_c"
fi
true || echo 'restore of cops/docs/cops failed'
echo End of part 5, continue with part 6
exit 0

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