Perl Reference Guide 3.044 - Part 2 of 4

[Johan Vromans]

Submitted-by: jv at mh.nl
Archive-name: perlref3_44_0/part02

---- Cut Here and feed the following to sh ----
#!/bin/sh
# this is perlref_shr.02 (part 2 of perlref3_44_0)
# do not concatenate these parts, unpack them in order with /bin/sh
# file refbase.ps continued
#
if test ! -r _shar_seq_.tmp; then
	echo 'Please unpack part 1 first!'
	exit 1
fi
(read Scheck
 if test "$Scheck" != 2; then
	echo Please unpack part "$Scheck" next!
	exit 1
 else
	exit 0
 fi
) < _shar_seq_.tmp || exit 1
if test ! -f _shar_wnt_.tmp; then
	echo 'x - still skipping refbase.ps'
else
echo 'x - continuing file refbase.ps'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' >> 'refbase.ps' &&
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{6 -2 roll transform 6 -2 roll transform 6 -2 roll transform
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{{closepath}}pathforall newpath counttomark array astore/gc xdf pop ct 39 0 put
10 fz 0 fs 2 F/|______Courier fnt invertflag{PaintBlack}if}bdf
/cd{}bdf
/op{/sfl false def/pm save def}bdf
/cp{not{userdict/#copies 0 put}if ma 0 gt{{t1 the{exit}if}loop}if{copypage}{showpage}ifelse pm restore}bdf
/px{0 3 1 roll tp tt}bdf
/psb{/us save def}bdf
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/ct 40 string def
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forall clip newpath moveto}def
/kp{ct 0 2 index length 2 index 39 2 index put getinterval copy cvx exec mx3 currentmatrix pop}bdf
/av 68 def
end
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margins
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lnop lnop lnop /tab load]def
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cleartomark
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cleartomark
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(1.)show
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(8.)show
558 265 gm
(Arithmetic functions)show
574 248 gm
(9.)show
574 265 gm
(Conversion functions)show
590 241 gm
(10.)show
590 265 gm
(Structure conversion)show
606 241 gm
(11.)show
606 265 gm
(String functions)show
622 241 gm
(12.)show
622 265 gm
(Array and list functions)show
638 241 gm
(13.)show
638 265 gm
(File operations)show
654 241 gm
(14.)show
654 265 gm
(Directory reading routines)show
670 241 gm
(15.)show
670 265 gm
(Input / Output)show
686 241 gm
(16.)show
686 265 gm
(Search and replace functions)show
702 241 gm
(17.)show
702 265 gm
(System interaction)show
718 241 gm
(18.)show
718 265 gm
(Networking)show
734 241 gm
(19.)show
734 265 gm
(SystemV IPC)show
750 241 gm
(20.)show
750 265 gm
(Miscellaneous)show
766 241 gm
(21.)show
766 265 gm
(Formats)show
782 241 gm
(22.)show
782 265 gm
(Info from system files)show
798 241 gm
(23.)show
798 265 gm
(Regular expressions)show
814 241 gm
(24.)show
814 265 gm
(Special variables)show
830 241 gm
(25.)show
830 265 gm
(Special arrays)show
878 239 gm
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(Rev. 3.0.44.0)show
F T cp
%%Page: ? 2
op
44 42 xl
1 1 pen
878 303 gm
(nc 44 42 1212 844 6 rc)kp
125 169 gm
1 setTxMode
1 fs
18 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(1. Command line options)show
145 169 gm
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320a)show
145 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(turns on autosplit mode when used with )show
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320n)show
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
( or )show
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320p)show
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(. Splits to @F .)show
162 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320c)show
162 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(checks syntax but does not execute.)show
179 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320d)show
179 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(runs the script under the debugger. Use \322)show
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320de  0)show
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(\323 to start the debugger)show
193 197 gm
(without a script.)show
210 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320D)show
2 fs
bu fc
bn
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
bn
(number)show
210 239 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(sets debugging flags.)show
227 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320e)show
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
( )show
2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
bn
(commandline)show
227 274 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(may be used to enter one line of script. Multiple )show
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320e)show
241 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(commands may be given to build up a multi-line script.)show
258 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320i)show
2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
bn
(extension)show
258 239 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(files processed by the < > construct are to be edited in-place.)show
275 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320I)show
2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
bn
(directory)show
275 239 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(with )show
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320P)show
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
( :  tells the C preprocessor where to look for include)show
289 197 gm
(files. The directory is prepended to @INC.)show
306 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320n)show
306 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(assumes an input loop around your script. Lines are not printed.)show
323 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320p)show
323 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(assumes an input loop around your script. Lines are printed.)show
340 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320P)show
340 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(runs the C preprocessor on the script before compilation by perl.)show
357 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320s)show
357 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(interprets \322\320xxx\323 on the command line as switches and sets the)show
371 197 gm
(corresponding variables $)show
2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
bn
(xxx )show
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(in the script.)show
388 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320S)show
388 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(uses the PATH environment variable to search for the script.)show
405 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320u)show
405 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(dumps core after compiling the script. To be used with "undump" \(where)show
419 197 gm
(available\))show
436 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320U)show
436 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(allows perl to do unsafe operations.)show
453 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320v)show
453 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(prints the version and patchlevel of your perl executable.)show
470 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320w)show
470 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(prints warnings about possible spelling errors and other error-prone)show
484 197 gm
(constructs in the script.)show
501 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\320x)show
501 197 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(extracts perl program from input stream.)show
518 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(\3200)show
2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
bn
(val)show
518 204 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(\(that\325s the number zero\) designates an initial value for the record)show
532 197 gm
(terminator $/ .)show
569 169 gm
1 fs
18 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(2. Literals)show
589 169 gm
0 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(Numeric: 123  123.4  5E-10  0xff \(hex\)  0377 \(octal\).)show
606 169 gm
(String: "abc"  'abc'  . Variables are interpolated when "..." are used. q/\311/ can)show
620 197 gm
(be used instead of '\311', qq/\311/ instead of "\311", \(any delimiter instead of)show
634 197 gm
(/.../\).)show
651 169 gm
(Array: \(1,2,3\) . \( \) is empty array.  Also: \($a,$b, at rest\) = \(1,2,...\);)show
665 197 gm
(Enums are fine: \(1)show
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(..)show
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(4\) is \(1,2,3,4\). Likewise \('abc')show
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(..)show
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
('ade'\).)show
682 169 gm
(Filehandles: <STDIN>, <STDOUT>, <STDERR>, <ARGV>,<DATA>,)show
696 197 gm
(<handle>, <$var>.)show
710 197 gm
(< > is the input stream formed by the files specified in @ARGV, or)show
724 197 gm
(standard input if no arguments are supplied.)show
741 169 gm
(Globs: <pattern> evaluates to all filenames according to the pattern.)show
755 197 gm
(Use <${var}> to glob from a variable.)show
772 169 gm
(Commands: ` command ` evaluates to the output of the command.)show
789 169 gm
(Here-Is: <<identifier          # the identifier must follow << immediately)show
803 169 gm
2 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
bn
(input text, see the manual for details)show
817 169 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(identifier)show
834 169 gm
(Special tokens:)show
848 197 gm
(_ _FILE_ _ : filename; _ _LINE_ _ : line number.)show
862 197 gm
(_ _END_ _ : end of program; remaining lines can be read using)show
876 197 gm
(filehandle <DATA> .)show
F T cp
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op
44 42 xl
1 1 pen
876 300 gm
(nc 44 42 1212 844 6 rc)kp
125 169 gm
1 setTxMode
1 fs
18 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(3. Variables)show
145 169 gm
0 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
($var)show
145 254 gm
(a simple scalar variable)show
159 169 gm
($var[28])show
159 254 gm
(29th element of array @var \(the [ ] are part of it\))show
173 169 gm
($var{'Feb'})show
173 254 gm
(one value from associative array %var)show
187 169 gm
($#var)show
187 254 gm
(last index of array @var)show
201 169 gm
(@var)show
201 254 gm
(the entire array)show
215 169 gm
(@var[3,4,5])show
215 254 gm
(a slice of the array @var)show
229 169 gm
(@var{'a','b'})show
229 254 gm
(a slice of %var; same as \($var{'a'},$var{'b'}\))show
243 169 gm
(%var)show
243 254 gm
(the entire associative array)show
257 169 gm
($var{'a',1,...})show
257 254 gm
(emulates a multi-dimensional array)show
271 169 gm
(\('a' . . 'z'\)[4,7,9])show
271 254 gm
(a slice of an array literal)show
285 169 gm
(*name)show
285 254 gm
(refers to all objects represented by name)show
299 254 gm
(\322*name1 = *name2\323 makes name1 a reference to name2.)show
333 169 gm
1 fs
18 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(4. Statements)show
353 169 gm
0 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(Every statement is an expression, optionally followed by a modifier, and)show
367 169 gm
(terminated by a semi-colon.)show
381 169 gm
(Execution of expressions can depend on other expressions using one of the)show
395 169 gm
(modifiers \322if\323, \322unless\323, \322while\323 or \322until\323, e.g.:)show
411 197 gm
(EXPR1  if  EXPR2; )show
411 309 gm
(EXPR1  until  EXPR2;)show
428 169 gm
(Also, by using one of the logical operators \322| |\323, \322&&\323 or \322? :\323, e.g.:)show
444 197 gm
(EXPR1  | |  EXPR2; )show
444 309 gm
(EXPR1 ? EXPR2 : EXPR3;)show
461 169 gm
(Statements can be combined to form a BLOCK when enclosed in {} .)show
475 169 gm
(Compound statements may be used to control flow \( [ ] denote optional parts,)show
489 169 gm
(\240means: defaults to $_ if omitted\):)show
505 197 gm
(if \(EXPR\) BLOCK [ [ elsif \(EXPR\) BLOCK ... ] else BLOCK ])show
518 197 gm
(unless \(EXPR\) BLOCK [ else BLOCK ])show
531 197 gm
([LABEL:] while \(EXPR\) BLOCK [ continue BLOCK)show
544 197 gm
([LABEL:] until \(EXPR\) BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ])show
557 197 gm
([LABEL:] for \(EXPR; EXPR; EXPR\) BLOCK)show
570 197 gm
([LABEL:] foreach VAR\240 \(ARRAY\) BLOCK)show
583 197 gm
([LABEL:] BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ])show
600 169 gm
(Special forms are:)show
617 204 gm
(do BLOCK while EXPR; )show
617 344 gm
(do BLOCK until EXPR;)show
634 169 gm
(which are guaranteed to perform BLOCK once before testing EXPR.)show
671 169 gm
1 fs
18 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(5. Flow control)show
691 169 gm
0 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(do BLOCK)show
705 197 gm
(Returns the value of the last command in the sequence of commands)show
719 197 gm
(indicated by BLOCK. \322next\323, \322last\323 and \322redo\323 cannot be used here.)show
736 169 gm
(do SUBROUTINE \(LIST\))show
750 197 gm
(Executes a SUBROUTINE declared by a sub declaration, and returns the)show
764 197 gm
(value of the last expression evaluated in SUBROUTINE. Also:)show
778 197 gm
(&SUBROUTINE.)show
795 169 gm
(do FILENAME)show
809 197 gm
(Executes the contents of FILENAME as a perl script. Errors are returned)show
823 197 gm
(in $@ . See also \322require\323 in section \322Miscellaneous\323.)show
840 169 gm
(goto LABEL)show
854 197 gm
(Continue execution at the specified label.)show
871 169 gm
(last [LABEL])show
885 197 gm
(Immediately exits the loop in question. Skips continue block.)show
F T cp
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op
44 42 xl
1 1 pen
885 490 gm
(nc 44 42 1212 844 6 rc)kp
122 169 gm
1 setTxMode
0 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(next [LABEL])show
136 197 gm
(Starts the next iteration of the loop.)show
153 169 gm
(redo [LABEL])show
167 197 gm
(Restarts the loop block without evaluating the conditional again.)show
184 169 gm
(return EXPR)show
198 197 gm
(Returns from a subroutine with the value specified.)show
235 169 gm
1 fs
18 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(6. Operators)show
253 169 gm
0 fs
12 fz
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(+  \320  *  /)show
253 225 gm
(Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.)show
268 169 gm
(%)show
268 225 gm
(Modulo division.)show
283 169 gm
(|    &   ^)show
283 225 gm
(Bitwise or, bitwise and, bitwise exclusive or.)show
298 169 gm
(>>  <<)show
298 225 gm
(Bitwise shift right, bitwise shift left.)show
313 169 gm
(**)show
313 225 gm
(Exponentiation.)show
328 169 gm
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(.)show
328 225 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(Concatenation of two strings.)show
343 169 gm
(x)show
343 225 gm
(Returns a string consisting of the left operand repeated the number)show
355 225 gm
(of times specified by the right operand.)show
372 169 gm
(All of the above operators also have an assignment operator, e.g. \322)show
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(.)show
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
( = \323 .)show
387 169 gm
(++)show
387 197 gm
(\320 \320)show
387 225 gm
(Auto-increment \(magical on strings\), auto-decrement.)show
402 169 gm
(? )show
1 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
bn
(:)show
402 225 gm
0 fs
bu fc
2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
bn
(Alternation \(if-then-else\) operator.)show
417 169 gm
(| |)show
417 197 gm
(&&)show
417 225 gm
(Logical or, logical and.)show
432 169 gm
(= =)show
432 197 gm
(! =)show
432 225 gm
(Numeric equality, inequality.)show
447 169 gm
(eq)show
447 197 gm
(ne)show
447 225 gm
(String equality, inequality.)show
462 169 gm
(<)show
462 197 gm
(>)show
462 225 gm
(Numeric less than, greater than.)show
477 169 gm
(lt)show
477 197 gm
(gt)show
477 225 gm
(String less than, greater than.)show
492 169 gm
(< =)show
492 197 gm
(> =)show
492 225 gm
(Numeric less \(greater\) than or equal to.)show
507 169 gm
(le)show
507 197 gm
(ge)show
507 225 gm
(String less \(greater\) than or equal.)show
522 169 gm
(< = >)show
522 225 gm
(Numeric compare. Returns -1, 0 or 1.)show
SHAR_EOF
true || echo 'restore of refbase.ps failed'
fi
echo 'End of perlref3_44_0 part 2'
echo 'File refbase.ps is continued in part 3'
echo 3 > _shar_seq_.tmp
exit 0
-- 
Johan Vromans				       jv at mh.nl via internet backbones
Multihouse Automatisering bv		       uucp: ..!{uunet,hp4nl}!mh.nl!jv
Doesburgweg 7, 2803 PL Gouda, The Netherlands  phone/fax: +31 1820 62911/62500
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