error handling techniques?

[Brad Cox]

In article <1990Nov2.205831.23696 at elroy.jpl.nasa.gov> alan at cogswell.Jpl.Nasa.Gov (Alan S. Mazer) writes:
>I'm interested in what approaches people use for error handling, particularly
>in general purpose function libraries and large software systems.  If someone
>can reference a text or article, that would be good.  
>
You can (and should) do a lot better than this even in languages (like
Objective-C or C++) that don't (yet) support exception handling. The same
tricks should be even easier in Smalltalk, but I'll leave this to Smalltalk
people to verify.

In what follows, I'm speaking of my own private research system, not the
commercial Objective-C release, which I'm trying to get changed to adopt
this scheme.

The essence of the idea is to forbid routines that encounter exceptions from 
signaling the exception by returning normally with an abnormal return value.
The idea is the following rule: if a message returns at all, the message has
succeeded at its task and any values returned are valid, useful, and need not
be checked. If it failed because of an exception, it *never* returns normally,
but instead returns to a handler specifically for that exception.

To adopt this scheme, seek out all old code that does this (such as Object 
factory methods like new and instance methods like doesNotUnderstand:, and 
utility stuff like assert()), recode them to invoke a generalized exception 
handling facility, perhaps by calling raiseException(anExceptionCode) or 
(as in my case) [AssertionException raiseException], [OutOfMemoryException 
raiseException], etc, etc.

These calls access a stack of exception handlers, initialized at
startup time with handlers that treat all exceptions in some usefully
generic way, perhaps by printing the exception name and raising an
inspector. This is a stack is so that your code can override the
generic inspector with something more application specific.

If you lift the hood and peek inside, the raiseException is implemented
from setjmp(), and the code that pushes a new exception handler is implemented
from longjmp().

However implemented, however, the scheme you describe, although standardly
supported by nearly all languages, has extremely poor properties for building
large robust software libraries. That is why so many 'modern' languages
(Ada, Eiffel?, CLU, etc) feature 'true' exception handling somewhat as
outlined above.

-- 

Brad Cox; cox at stepstone.com; CI$ 71230,647; 203 426 1875
The Stepstone Corporation; 75 Glen Road; Sandy Hook CT 06482